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(Files in red–history) Index 10. Trapped Motion 10H. Einstein, 1910 10a. Particle Drift 11. Explorers 1/3 11a. Geiger Counter 12. Rad. Belts 12H. Argus 1958 12a. Inner Belt 12b. Outer Belt 13. Fast Particles 14. Synch. Orbit 15. Energy |
Cosmic rays are fast positive ions, bombarding Earth from all directions, probably filling our entire galaxy. Though their numbers are small, the energy of each particle is quite high, so that when these ions smash into nuclei of atmospheric gases, fragments go flying off in different directions, some of them short-lived particles created by the collision. Most such fragments are absorbed by the atmosphere or by the ground, but a few are also splattered upwards, out of the atmosphere and into space. If these are electrically charged, e.g. electrons or ions, they will often end up trapped by the Earth's magnetic field. None of these however lasts very long, since trapped orbits which rise from the atmosphere must sooner or later enter the atmosphere again.
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Some of the fragments are however neutrons, particles similar to protons but without the electric charge; neutrons make up about half the weight of a typical atomic nucleus. Having no electric charge, neutrons are not affected by the Earth's magnetic field, and moving far too fast for gravity to hold them back, they usually escape into space. The free neutron is however radioactive: within about 10 minutes it breaks up into a proton, which captures most of the energy, an electron and am essentially massless neutrino. Ten minutes is a fairly long time for a fast particle, time enough for many neutrons to get halfway to Mars. However, decay times are spread out statistically, and while 10 minutes is the average, a few neutrons decay quite soon, while still inside the Earth's magnetic field. The energetic protons which then materialize are grabbed by the Earth's magnetic field, often on trapped orbits which do not return to the atmosphere, in which the proton can stay trapped for a rather long time. That, it is believed, is how the inner belt arises.
Questions from Users: *** The Van Allen Belt *** What if the Radiation Belt Reached the Ground... ? *** Radiation Belt and Brazil |
Author and Curator: Dr. David P. Stern
Mail to Dr.Stern: education("at" symbol)phy6.org
Co-author: Dr. Mauricio Peredo
Spanish translation by J. Méndez